The RT-CES® and RT-CIM™ systems allow for label-free and real-time monitoring of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, adhesion, viability, invasion, and migration, using electronic cell sensor array technology. Real-time monitoring of cellular processes by the RT-CES® and RT-CIM™ systems offers distinct and important advantages over traditional end-point assays. First, the avoidance of label allows for more physiologically relevant assays which save on time, labor, and resources. Second, a comprehensive representation of entire length of the assay is possible allowing the user to make informed decisions regarding the timing of certain manipulations or treatments. Finally, the actual kinetic response of the cells within an assay prior or subsequent to certain manipulations provides important information regarding the biological status of the cell such as cell growth, arrest, morphological changes and apoptosis.